Groundwater is the major source of domestic water in most of the inhabited islands of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Groundwater occurs as thin freshwater lens floating over saline water. There is remarkable temporal variation in the thickness and areal extent of the freshwater lens, depending on contributory factors of which the mode of groundwater draft, diurnal tidal fluctuation, and the intensity & distribution of rainfall are of significance. In some of the very small islands, the freshwater lens is almost absent except during the rainy season. The islands are made of highly porous coral sand as topsoil, forming the aquifer material, resulting in almost entire rainfall on the ground percolating down, with negligible surface runoff even during intense rainfall. Thus there is not much scope for traditional artificial recharge into groundwater. Instead, direct harvesting of rainwater and conservation will reduce the stress on the fresh groundwater lens. The paper discusses the groundwater occurrence, resource availability in each of these Islands, its development prospects, and viable water conservation methods for freshwater sustainability.
Water Resources Development and Conservation in Lakshadweep Islands, India
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Groundwater is the major source of domestic water in most of the inhabited islands of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Groundwater occurs as thin freshwater lens floating over saline water. There is remarkable temporal variation in the thickness and areal extent of the freshwater lens, depending on contributory factors of which the mode of groundwater draft, diurnal tidal fluctuation, and the intensity & distribution of rainfall are of significance. In some of the very small islands, the freshwater lens is almost absent except during the rainy season. The islands are made of highly porous coral sand as topsoil, forming the aquifer material, resulting in almost entire rainfall on the ground percolating down, with negligible surface runoff even during intense rainfall. Thus there is not much scope for traditional artificial recharge into groundwater. Instead, direct harvesting of rainwater and conservation will reduce the stress on the fresh groundwater lens. The paper discusses the groundwater occurrence, resource availability in each of these Islands, its development prospects, and viable water conservation methods for freshwater sustainability.
| Publication Mode |
Online |
|---|---|
| Publication Author |
K. Md. Najeeb, N. Vinayachandran, K. Balakrishnan |
| Publication Language |
English |
| Publication Type |
Conference Paper |
| Publication Year |
2021 |
| DOI |
10.17491/cgsi/2021/165444 |
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Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168756
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Sustainable Development and Management of Groundwater of Chhattisgarh: An Overview
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168765
In general, Chhattisgarh state is underlain by hard rocks with limited groundwater potentials. But decline of rainfall in most parts of the state is limiting surface water resources too. Agriculture is mostly rainfed, paddy being the main crop in the state. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation and a major source of drinking water. Cavernous limestones/dolomites form the most potential aquifers yielding up to 50 lps as in Bastar, Baloda Bazar and Bilaspur districts. Proposal for construction of energized irrigation dug/bore wells under PMKSY-HKKP-GW scheme in 109 blocks (stage of extraction within 60%) of 7 aspirational districts will enhance ground water irrigation of 7467 ha land. The stage of extraction has already escalated from 5.11% (1990) to 44.43% (2017) which will be escalated further with ongoing and future development programs. The State should undertake conservation of groundwater through regulation, protection and augmentation of the water resources by implementing rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge, along with adoption of rainfed agriculture, drip or sprinkler irrigation, pricing policy for commercial ground water extraction, exploration and planned development of yet unknown aquifers through exploratory drilling aided by remote sensing, geophysics . Based on declining groundwater level trends areas totalling 16,410 sq. km have been demarcated for rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge creating sub-surface ground water storage potential of 1030.11 MCM and an additional irrigation potential of 148430 ha. Further, groundwater pollution from geogenic and anthropogenic sources like high fluoride, arsenic, uranium, sulphate, nitrate as in Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur, Raipur and Kwardha districts is also a potential threat to the utilisable resources.This paper attempts at a holistic overview of sustainable development and management of ground water resources of the state considering the huge hydrogeological, geophysical and chemical database in the state.
Surface Water Resources of Maharashtra: Potential, Development and Management Issues
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168752
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Ground Water Resources of Gujarat: Status of Development, Management Strategy and Policy
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168771
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Delineation of Phreatic Basaltic Aquifers in the Upper Nira River Basin, India and Evaluating the Efficacy of Methodologies Used for Estimating their Groundwater Potential ? A Case Study
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168773
The Upper Nira River Basin (378.83 km2), in the Upland Deccan Traps is witnessing a transition from being a traditional rain fed, non-command entity to a predominantly surface irrigation command area. Understanding and accurately computing the change in groundwater storage is a vital component in groundwater estimation. The lava flows constitute 3 aquifers in the basin, UNR-1 , UNR-2 and UNR-3. The efficacy of the methodologies used for estimating the groundwater potential of the Upper Nira River Basin is evaluated. Groundwater assessment based on the GEC 2015 methodology has been undertaken to estimate a net available recharge of 4419 Ham in the aquifers and gross groundwater draft of 461.49 ham. The basin has been categorised as Safe due to low stage of exploitation (~11%). The people residing in the basin however face severe scarcity of groundwater during the summer season annually in spite of receiving copious rainfall (about 1500 mm) during the monsoon. The likely reasons for such a paradox are high surface runoff, low permeability, low storativity of aquifers, high base flow plus draft, etc. According to the new and simple aquifer-based methodology proposed in this paper the quantity of recharge (Q) for Aquifer UNR-1, Aquifer UNR-2 and Aquifer UNR-3 are 1146.70, 1691.02 and 16.97 km3 respectively. Thus, there is a difference in recharge to the tune of 1411 hams i.e. about 24% less recharge compared to the results obtained by the aquifer based methodology as per GEC (2015) guidelines. When the new recharge values are used in the GEC 2015 methodology a scenario close to reality emerges in the Nira River basin which proves the efficacy of the new methodology.
Surface Water Resources of Chhattisgarh: An Overview
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168763
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Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168750
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Ground Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge in Madhya Pradesh: A Pragmatic Approach
Conference Papers, SP-12: Water Resources of Western and Central Regions of India: Status, Issues and Strategies
SKU:
C-168762
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